Superior |
= |
toward the head or upper part of a structure |
Inferior |
= |
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure |
AnteriorVentral |
= |
nearer to or at the front of the body |
PosteriorDorsal |
= |
nearer to or at the back of the body |
Superficial |
= |
toward or on the surface of the body |
Deep |
= |
away from the surface of the body |
Medial |
= |
nearer to the midline of the body or a structure |
Lateral |
= |
farther from the midline of the body or a structure |
Intermediate |
= |
between two structures |
Proximal |
= |
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunknearer to the point of origin |
Distal |
= |
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunkfarther from the point of origin |
Ipsilateral |
= |
on the same side of the body |
Contralateral |
= |
on the opposite side of the body |
Flexion |
= |
a decrease in the angle of a joint |
Extension |
= |
an increase in the angle of a joint |
Abduction |
= |
movement away from the midline of the body |
Adduction |
= |
movement towards the midline of the body |
Horizontal Abduction |
= |
movement away from the midline of the body in a horizontal plane |
Horizontal Adduction |
= |
movement towards the midline of the body in a horizontal plane |
Medial Rotation |
= |
movement around a longitudinal axis toward the midline of the body |
Lateral Rotation |
= |
movement around a longitudinal axis away from the midline of the body |
Elevation |
= |
upward movement |
Depression |
= |
downward movement |
Protraction |
= |
forward movement (mandible and scapula) |
Retraction |
= |
backward movement (mandible and scapula) |
Supination |
= |
movement of forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly |
Pronation |
= |
movement of forearm in which the palm is turned posteriorly |
Inversion |
= |
movement of the soles inward so they face each other |
Eversion |
= |
movement of the soles outward so they face away from each other |
Dorsiflexion |
= |
bending the foot upward |